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What is the Best Meal Replacement Powder ?

There are so many nutritional supplements on the market now that it is hard to know where to start. This goes for anything from weight loss, to gaining lean mass and strength.

One product that is helpful especially with the business of everyday life is meal replacement powders. These come in the form of either protein, or protein mixed with carbohydrates. Here we will discuss what the best meal replacement powder may be for you.

Although there are many brands of meal replacement powders, they are all made differently. Some are made from a soy based product, while others are whey based proteins, eggs, casein, and even beef protein. Here we will cover some whey protein drinks so that you can better decide which one you may like the most and will fit your health and fitness needs. Here are some different sources of protein and good meal replacement powder:

 

Whey Protein:

This type of protein is extracted from milk and is in the majority of powders that you find on the market today. This type of protein is best for anyone looking to gain lean mass or even lose weight. It is probably the best type of protein to use right after a workout due to its rate of absorbsion. This will ensure your muscles getting the protein needed after a hard workout. Whey protein also has more complete proteins when compared to other forms.

One major disadvantage is that since it is made from milk protein, you shouldn't take it if you are lactose intolerant. Also, if you are looking to maintain or lose weight, you should stay with a product that has more protein and very few carbohydrates. The products with carbohydrates are meant more for weight gain and are better used for post workout drinks.

Casein Protein

This protein is taken from liquid milk, where the proteins are separated from the fats and carbohydrates. One major difference in casein when compared to other proteins is that it has a slower absorbsion rate. This may be better used prior to very low activity, or even prior to going to bed. This will ensure that your body gets calories throughout the night.

Due to the fact that casein protein is milk based, you should not take it if you are lactose intolerant. Also, as mentioned before, it is best taken prior to low activity or even sleep due to the slow absorption rate. This means that it is not a good source to take post workout, where your body needs a fast absorbsion rate.

 

 

 

 

 Beef:

You wouldn't think that a protein in powder form could come from beef, but there actually is such a thing. One positive aspect of this protein source is that it naturally contains creatine. Creatine is used as a supplement for workouts due to it assisting in strength and endurance while doing resistance training.

Although these positive aspects do exist, I would arrow on the side of caution since this protein type has not been researched a lot.

Soy:

Soy protein comes from the soy plant.  This type of protein is good for those that are vegetarians and want to stay away from any animal products. It is also fairly inexpensive.

One thing you should consider when thinking of taking soy as a source of protein is its relationship with estrogen levels and the effects that it could have.

Egg

Eggs are a great source of protein in one's diet. Before protein powders even existed, it was normal for anyone that was hard into working out to use raw eggs as a source of protein. Egg based protein powders also have vitamins as well which makes them a good choice.

The only things that should be considered when looking at using egg proteins are any allergic reactions you may have, along with the fact that most egg based proteins are more expensive than other sources.

The majority of the best protein powders that you see promoted on the market are whey based protein. The other sources mentioned such as the eggs, soy, casein, and beef are used, but whey and casein which are associated with milk are probably the two best-selling types of protein powder on the market.

I personally have used mainly whey based protein powders. Some of these brands are better than others. Here are some few that I have tried and the satisfaction or dissatisfaction that I got from them.

 

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Optimum Nutrition Weight Gainer

This weight gainer whey based protein is great if your looking at putting on a few pounds and are seriously working out and lifting weights. It works great when your muscles need protein to recover from a long and hard workout. There are numerous flavors offered such as vanilla, banana, cookies and cream, as well as peanut butter. My personal favorite is vanilla even though it is a plain flavor.

One positive that I give this brand of protein is that when you mix it in a shaker using a wisk, it is a very smooth texture without any clumps, and it has a very good taste as well. The only reason to not use this is if you are not looking at gaining weight, but just want protein. This company makes strait protein powder without the carbohydrates as well. Also, I would not use this product if I didn't have a shaker and had to mix it by hand, since it may not totally mix up as it should. 

When looking at this product, it also comes either in large bags, or bottles. If you are looking at every day use, I advise to use the bagged version. Also, although the product is meant for weight gain, I don't go by the instruction's concerning the serving size. This is actually not good to consume the amount that they advise since it is a tremendous amount of carbohydrates at once. Changing the serving size will allow it to last longer, and probably give you a better result. I would use a normal smaller scoop and measure it in comparison to the large scoops that it comes with in order to know the amount of calories I was consuming.

In order to get the most out of the product for the best price, I suggest cutting the serving size into 1/3 or what is instructed. This will still give you a substantial amount of calories when added to milk, and it will last closer to a month. The intent of the company is to have you consume more calories than you really need which will only help in gaining fat, not muscle. Here is a general comparison to the instruction's given, and what I suggest.

 

 

Size 12 lb bag

Price $ 48.00

Normal Serving size                        Suggested Serving size

Calories 1,250/serving                       1/3 or 420 calories/serving (add milk for more)

$ 3.00/serving                                      $1.00/serving

Servings 16                                          48

Carbs 250 grams                                  85 grams

Protein 50 grams                                  16 grams (no milk)

2x/ day = 60 servings/month.                 60 servings/month

(4 bags) $ 192/month                           ( 2 bags) $ 95/month

Score: A -

 

  

 

 

EAS Myoplex

This protein powder is whey based protein meal replacement powder. It comes either in single packets, or in a tub. The packets are nice to use since they are easy to take with you if you are out or going to the gym to workout. If you use any powder from a tub or container, you have to use a plastic bag which may not hold up as well. This protein also comes in various flavors including chocolate, vanilla, and strawberry. All of these flavors are good. EAS which stands for experimental and applied sciences is also a well-known brand that stands behind their product. There is also either a weight gainer, or more of a protein powder in general. Due to the price, I suggest using this once/day possibly prior to bed. Because of a lack of carbohydrates, it would not make a good post workout product.

 

Size 20 servings

Price $ 50

Normal serving size  1 pouch

Calories 290

Servings (20/package)

Cost/serving $ 2.50

Carbs 22 grams

Protein 42 grams

Score: A

 

 

 

 

Muscle Milk Gainer

This protein is high in carbohydrates and is casein based. It is meant to assist in weight gain. Although this is the case, you can still decrease the serving size to lessen the number of calories if you only want to maintain your weight. This product is good since it has a good ratio of carbohydrates to protein. Also, it can be mixed with either milk or water. 

The only negative thing that I have to say about this brand is that the consistency of the drink is not good. Regardless of how hard you shake it, the texture is not smooth but clumpy. It is better if you mix it with milk but even then that doesn't make a big difference. Also, when mixed, it makes almost a foamy texture which makes it hard to drink. 

Some good things are that it is casein based which makes it good for periods of low activity. Overall though, I would not recommend this product if your looking at the taste. If this is not an issue though, the product has good ingredients and works. Also, since it is casein based, it may be better to take it prior to going to bed, especially since it has fewer carbohydrates.

 

 

Size: 5 pounds

Price: $32

Normal serving size: 4 scoops               Suggested serving size: 2 scoops

Calories 650                                           325

Servings 14                                            28 (1 month if taken once/day)

Price/serving $ 2.28                               $ 1.14

Carbs 109 grams                                     55 grams

Protein 54 grams                                     27 grams (add milk for more protein)

Score: C

These are only some many protein powders and weight gainers on the market. The one that best fits you will depend on your personal goals whether it is weight gain, maintaining weight, or weight loss. Using a low carbohydrate high protein drink is advised if you want to lose weight, since it is best to consume carbohydrates only prior to your busiest part of the day. Protein only meal replacement powders are best right before bed, or when activity level is low.

You should search around to find which brand and protein base would be best for you whether it be casein, whey, soy, egg or beef based. These products mentioned I have used personally and I hope that it gives you a basic understanding of each product and what may be best for you.

Which is Better, Butter or Margarine ?

Butter has been used to add flavor to foods since the beginning of time. Because at one point it was discovered that it may be bad for our health, other "healthier" options were made. One of these is margarine, which is basically the same as butter, only not made naturally. Having the choice of using butter or margarine, it  can be confusing which to use. So which is better, butter or margarine ?

 

Butter 

Butter is basically the cream that is found in whole milk, whipped into the consistency of butter. The byproduct of this is buttermilk. The buttermilk can then be used for other purposes, just so it is taken out of the butter as much as possible. Butter can come in different forms depending on how the animal was fed. The two main ways of feeding are through grains or being grass fed. Studies show that consuming butter that is made from grass fed cows is healthier than butter made from grain fed cows.

When you hear the word butter, you think of just plain butter, but there are also many recipes that can be used to give butter a different taste. This includes:

Pear butter:

Feta butter: Made from goats milk

Honey butter:

Lemon butter

Pecan-brown sugar

These are only some different types of butter that can be made. You can also make coconut butter from the dry portion of a coconut.

 

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Margarine:

This is very similar to butter and is said to be "healthier" than natural butter, but is this really true ? Butter contains saturated fats, which are said to be unhealthy and can lead to heart disease. The term saturated only means that the fat that is in butter has been totally saturated with hydrogen ions. This is why butter should be used sparingly.

Because margarine is made from other fats that are unsaturated such as oils, it is thought to be better for you. These oils are mainly what are known as polyunsaturated. Although the oils used to make margarine are unsaturated, they have to be put through a process called hydrogenation before they can be made into butter. This process adds hydrogen ions to the chemistry of the margarine and makes it no different from regular butter. It is actually thought that these fats, which are known as trans fats, are even more unhealthy for you than the saturated fats found in natural butter.

 

Types of fats

Saturated:

Saturated fats get this name because they are saturated with hydrogen ions Butter is normally at least fifty percent saturated fat. This increases low density lipo proteins which is the bad type of cholesterol. This can lead to possible heart disease. Although it is not known, it is said that in order to counter act this, your body decreases the amount of cholesterol that it produces. Your body produces cholesterol itself, therefore, no cholesterol is needed in ones' diet.

Trans Fat:

These fats are transferred from saturated to unsaturated fats, which make the unsaturated fats saturated. This is done through the hydrogenation process. These can be found in things such as margarine or shortening. They are made through hydrogenation so that they can stay at room temperature and last longer.

 

 

 

 Unsaturated fats

Mono unsaturated:

These unsaturated fats have one open space that is not taken up by hydrogen. Good sources of this type of fat are avocado, some nuts, as well as fish.

 

Poly unsaturated

These unsaturated fats have at least three or more spaces not used by hydrogen. They consist of a carbon ion, and numerous double bonds. Sources of these fats are peanut oil, corn oil, olive oil, or sunflower oil.

 

 Fatty Acids

There are also different types of fatty acids, all of which have a positive benefit on your health, but they must be consumed in balance in order to work properly. These include omega 3, omega 6, and omega 9 fatty acids. Here is a general overview of each of these fats and their benefits as well as sources. It is even thought that consumption of these healthy fats at a young age can help in decreasing the chances of developing heart conditions later in life. (4)

 

Omega 3 fatty acids

You hear a lot about different fatty acids and how they are healthy for you, specifically omega 3 fatty acids. They are said to help with brain function, depression, anxiety, heart health, and other health issues. This is a type of poly unsaturated fat which you can not make. These fatty acids can be found mainly in different types of fish. These include mackerel, salmon, cod liver oil, herring, oysters, as well as many other fish.

Omega 6 fatty acids

Omega 6 fatty acids, just like omega 3 is essential to your diet since they can not be made by the body. These fats are used mainly for energy. You only need so many omega 6 fatty acids, because consuming too many can lead to things such as inflammation. Some good sources of omega 6 fatty acids include : soybean oil, corn oil, mayonnaise, walnuts, as well as other sources.

Omega 9 fatty acids

These fatty acids are important for your health because they are said to reduce the amount of your bad cholesterol levels. They can be found in mono unsaturated fats. They will also help in decreasing inflammation. Good sources include: almonds, cashews, walnuts, peanut oil, and other good sources of fats.

These previous fats are all healthy for you and are essential for your health. You should have a small amount of each daily in order to maintain good health. Omega 6 fats are normally consumed enough, so you should focus more on omega 3, and 9 fatty acids.

 

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Butter and heart disease: Saturated fat

As stated before, due to the saturated fat in butter, this is thought to increase your chances of having a heart attack, or developing heart disease if it is consumed too much. Just how unhealthy is it though ? There actually may be some positive effects of saturated fat as well. Fatty acids can affect the heart indirectly as well through their affect on insulin within the body (1). Concerning saturated fat and heart disease, it has even been shown that going only two weeks on a diet high in saturated fat can increase ones' bad cholesterol and risk of heart disease even if they have been on a healthy diet (2). In one study, it was even shown that a diet high in saturated fat may help in decreasing the chances of an ischemic stroke occurring (3), although this may be due to numerous factors within the study and more studies may need to be done. You should still error on the side of caution concerning the amount of saturated fat you consume, using it sparingly.

 

Margarine and heart disease: Trans fat

Although trans fat's are not thought of as healthy, they do have a positive impact on the effects of saturated fat on the body. In one study, it was shown that trans fats actually decreased stress responses that were initiated by saturated fats (5). Although this is true, it has also been shown that trans fats can have an affect on inflammation and oxidation stress, which can affect the progression of heart disease.(6) The fact that trans fats can affect your chances of developing heart disease has been well-known for quite some time, and it may even be more of a risk factor at developing heart disease than saturated fats (7). In one study, data from 83,000 subjects looked at data taken over a period of 10 years. Subjects had no previous cardiovascular health issues. After ten years, subjects were followed up. Adjustments were made for age and energy intake. It was concluded that the association of trans fats and cardiovascular disease was higher for the subjects that consumed margarine which contained trans fatty acids. Intake of foods such as margarine, cookies, cake, and other processed foods were positively associated with a higher risk for cardiovascular heart disease (8). Therefore, you should make sure your intake of processed foods with trans fats is moderate to low.

 

 

 

In conclusion, both saturated and trans fats should be used sparingly. Both of these fats are found in butter and margerine. So which is better, butter or margerine ? From studies that were found, if I had to choose, butter would be my first choice since it is a natural substance. All natural foods are healthier than processed foods. All foods that we eat have some form of fat in them, whether it is trans fat, saturated fat, or unsaturated fat.

Both trans fats, and saturated fats should be used sparingly. Although these fats do have their place, because the body produces these naturally, they are not needed in the diet. Other unsaturated fats and fatty acids have very positive health benefits and are needed in the diet due to the fact that the body can not produce some. In order to maintain proper health, a balance of healthy fats must be maintained, along with moderate use of trans fats, and saturated fats.

 

 

 

1. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6083561/#

2. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6021040/#

3. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5945551/#

4. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5998369/#

5. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5952403/#

6. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5856295/#

7. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1431574#

8. Lancet. 1993 Mar 6;341(8845):581-5.

 

 

 

 

 

Is Fenugeek Really a Testosterone Booster ?

  

There are many testosterone boosters on the market that claim to increase your overall level of testosterone and assist in strength and size as well as sexual functions.  Fenugreek claims to be a testosterone booster. Fenugreek is a herb that is native to Africa, Asia, and the middle east. It is used in many dishes and for some medicinal purposes as well. Here we will look at both the effects that this supplement may have on testosterone level, sexual functions, as well as health and performance.

Is fenugreek really a testosterone booster ?

You see this product advertised for use as a testosterone booster. It is supposed to help through increasing size and strength. There may or may not be some truth to this. Two studies were conducted on the athletic population which had experience in resistance training, one looking at changes in body composition and strength, while the other focused on testosterone levels.

The study which looked at the effects on strength and size used a placebo group and a group that took fenugreek. Results showed a significant increase in lean body mass, and decrease in body fat percentage (1,16) for the supplement group, with no differences being seen in strength.(16). For the study concerning testosterone levels in healthy athletes, results showed no effect on anabolic hormone levels for the subjects taking the fenugreek. (15) It has also been shown to possible help with creatine uptake, replacing the carbohydrates that are needed for creatine transportation after a workout (14)

Although an increase in lean body mass was seen in one of the studies, because no significant increase in testosterone was seen, this would lead me to question the factor involved in the weight gain that was seen. The subjects  eating habits, as well as experience in weight training could effected the weight gained without an increase in strength. Results may be different for the general population with resistance training, but no studies were found on this.  Therefore, more studies on the general population may need to be done.

Effects on endocrine system and sexual desires

Although the previous study mentioned saw no change in hormonal levels, the results could have been due to the fact that the subjects were the athletic population, many of which were already at a high level of fitness. Other studies that have been done have shown possible positive results when taking fenugreek for both the male and female population.

Two studies used what's called an AMS scale or aging male symptoms questionnaire (2,5) but one of these went into more detail through the use of other questionnaires as well in order to test testosterone deficiency syndrome. These included questionnaires on stress levels, an androgen deficiency questionnaire, and an erectile function perceived scale. (2) The results for both of these studies found an increase in testosterone levels and frequency of sexual activity when the fengureek was taken, as well as a change in erectile disfunction and a decrease in level of stress. In one study (2) the level of percieved androgen questionaire actually dropped, which would lead to me questioning the ligitimacy of using questionaires such as these. Using fenugreek without using any questionaires and only testing the testosterone levels of subjects also showed a positive change in levels of testosterone, and sperm count (4).  Sexual arousal and orgasms also increasing while maintaining testosterone levels (12). It has even been shown to help assist in testicular damage when exposed to certain things (10). This sounds somewhat promising for use as a testosterone booster. 

Other factors should probably be taken into consideration as well when looking at results of studies such as these.
Variables such as the number of subjects used, the length of the study, as well as the dosage given per day were different for each study. These could all play a possible role in the results that were seen. Although these tests sound promising concerning the use of fenugreek as a testosterone booster, more research may need to be done.

Can it help ladies

Not only does fenugreek help men with sexual functions, but it may also be useful for the female population as well. Studies have shown fenugreek to be effective on the sexual function of women, improving their quality of life, and an improvement in desire and sexual arousal (9). It has even been shown to assist in symptoms of menopause through decreasing them (3), as well as  the disorder of polycistic ovarian syndrome. In one study results showed a decrease in the number of cysts, their size, and even some having complete dissociation of the cysts all together. (6)

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Other possible medical conditions

It has even been shown for this supplement to help with insulin related issues (7), increasing insulin sensitivity improving its' effeciency and even decreasing the fat absorbtion in the obese (8). It may even be possible to use it when treating breast cancer (13). In another study, two groups were tested, one which already had diabetes, with the other group being prone to possibly becoming diabetic. Results showed an anti diabetic effect for those that were prone to possibly developing diabetes, with an anti diabetic efficiency in those that already had diabetes (11).

 

Overall, the supplement of fenugreek has been shown to assist mainly with sexual arousal and not as a testosterone booster. This includes both in the male and female population. It even assist with menopause and diabetes. Although these positive effects were seen through the use of this supplement, speak with your doctor before taking any type of supplement, especially if you have a medical condition.

References

1 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20979623#

2 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29623697#

3 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28707431#

4 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28138310#

5 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26791805#

6 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26516311#

7 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26201993#

8 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26198036#

9 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25914334#

10 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24813645#

11 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22633967#

12 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21312304#

13 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20571172#

14 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24149869#

15 https://digitalcommons.wku.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1014&context=ijesab

16 https://digitalcommons.wku.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1023&context=ijesab

Different Types of Massage

There are many forms and types of natural therapies. One of these is massage therapy. Many different types of massage therapy exist as well. Many of these therapies originated in the east in countries like China and Japan.

Here we cover a few basic types of massage. Massage therapy in many places is thought to be similar to acupuncture as in an alternative to medicine. These therapies have their purposes and unique techniques that are used for each type. There are over eighty different styles that can be used for anything from relieving stress, to post injury.

Concerning the history of massage therapy and the types of massage, there are books which go as far back as three thousand BC that first mention the use of massage therapy. Massage therapy has been used in the Olympic sports, and for certain types of medical conditions. Two of these include seizures, and psychological issues. Sigmund Freud which is thought to have discovered many types of psychological disorders even considered massage as a type of treatment. Massage was first taught in china as far back as one hundred AD. It was presented to the scientific community in the united states in the eighteen fifties, and by the nineteen thirties, hospitals and physical therapists were using is. These are only a few of the historical points of massage therapy. Here are some basic types of massage therapy that are being used today.

1. Swedish massage therapy

This is one of the most common types of massage therapy. When you get a Swedish massage, it involves very long strokes and kneading of the muscles. This includes different strokes from smooth and gliding, to squeezing, and deep tissue massage.

2. Deep tissue massage

Deep tissue massage is one of the types of massage that can be very helpful in reducing specific painful spots within the body. This involves a very slow movement while focusing on specific pressure points. Deep tissue massage is helpful for general tension or pain whether it is acute or chronic.

3. Sports massage

Sports massage is great for almost any type of athletic activity. Using massage as a therapy for sports will help both in treating, and preventing any muscular or tendon injury. Sports massage is also used before, during, and after training as well. When used post training, this helps in relaxing the muscle and possibly decreasing the recovery time needed between workouts.

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4. Chair massage

Chair massage is one of the types of massage that you see taking place like airports and other public places. Unlike some types of massage therapy where you are required to take off your clothes and lay down, chair massage allows you to keep your cloths on, while sitting in a special chair made specifically for massage therapy. Here the focus is on the shoulders, back, arms, and hands.

5. Shiatsu massage

This type of massage uses what is known as finger pressure. This places varied rhythmic pressures on specific body parts which are known as acupressure points.

6. Thia massage

When someone is getting this type of massage, the therapist uses their body in order to move the client into numerous positions depending on the muscles that are being worked. Here, both joint mobilization, and muscle compression is focused on.

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7. Hot Stone

Hot stone massage uses warm stones, placing them on certain parts of the body. This can be used as a general massage tool, or it can be used for general relaxation purposes. Due to the warmth and heat of the stones, this allows an increase in blood flow to the muscles, allowing them to become less tense and relax more.

8. Reflexology

This type of massage uses hand, thumb, and finger techniques in order to stimulate specific areas of the feet. This can also be used with other body parts as well.

9. Pregnancy

Using massage for pregnancy allows the body to adjust to specific changes that occur during pregnancy. The decrease in stress and swelling that massage man bring will also help decrease both muscle and joint pain. Massage during pregnancy may even be a good substitute for pain medications that may be limited.

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The previous types of massage therapy mentioned are only some of many types of massage techniques that are used today. It is interesting to know that many times some types of massage therapy may be used as a substitute for some medical treatments. Massage is a good therapy to use for anything from general stress and pain, to certain medical conditions, and overall should be considered a part of ones' health routine through having at least one a year in order to relieve any stress you may have.

Different Forms of Self Defense

If you are into staying active and healthy there are many options to choose from. This includes anything from general workouts at a gym, running outdoors, or many other things to do. One of these choices is learning different forms of self defense. There are many different forms of self defense or martial arts to choose from. Here we will make a general comparison of these different forms of self defense and martial arts that are offered.

Although these can be self taught to a certain point, you may want to make sure you can take actual classes. This may decrease your chances of injury to things such as the shoulder, knee, or other places. Many martial arts forms focus only on defense while others may look more at actually attacking and harming the intruder. Although the forms which focus more on the offensive side are effective, for it to be a true self defense course, there should be no intent to harm your enemy, but only to defend yourself from their actions through neutralizing the movement. Here is a general comparison of only some different forms of self defense and martial arts that exist.

Karate

This is probably the first and foremost thought of from the different forms of self defense and martial arts that one thinks of when the subject of martial arts is mentioned. Karate actually came from part of what is known as kung-fu which is the umbrella for many other different forms of self defense and martial arts. Part of the names' means open hand.

  • Originated in China and was taken to Okinawa
  • Uses basic movements such as throws, strikes, punches, blocks, and restraints.
  • Has different levels of contact that are used.
  • Specific movements must be mastered to obtain specific ranks.
  • Used for forms of combat during Japanese war.

Kung Fu

The art of kung fu is thought to be the umbrella which many different forms of self defense and martial arts come from. Many different forms of self defense and martial arts have more to do with combative movements, while others are focused more on only defensive. Those focused on defensive movements do not have intent on harming the individual, while other forms have the goal of doing harm to the opponent. Some basic focuses include striking, throwing, and jumping.

  • Train both internally (meditation, heart, mind, spirit) and externally (hands, eyes, and body).
  • Meditation and use of Qi or inner force is also an important aspect.
  • Uses what is called hand-to-hand method which uses soft technique.
  • Some forms use weapons as an extension of the body after basic skills are learned.
  • Many moves that you see on television are not practical and are non combative such as high kicks.

Tai Kwan do

The art of tai kwan do is fairly new when compared to the many different forms of self defense that are seen. Tai kwan do began in South Korea as a part of military training. It came into being in the 1940s and 50s. One of the main focuses concerns both speed and power, which puts an emphasis on kicks, blocks, and strikes. You are trained to use it for combative purposes.

  • Some aspects are used in training such as relaxation, meditation, and breath control.
  • Mental aspects include discipline, justice, respect, and self-confidence.
  • Strikes, punches, holds, and grappling are used.
  • Is part of an Olympic sport.
  • Has numerous styles of training.

Aikido

The martial art of aikido is fairly new. It came primarily from the other form known as jujitsu. It was started in the 1920s and 30s. One of the main focuses is to defend yourself while keeping the attacker from injury. This requires a harmonious spirit. A focus also involves using your opponents movements or momentum against them without harming them. By definition, it concerns the combination of forces. Ai: Joining Ki: spirit or energy, Do: the way.

  • Uses empty-handed throws, joint locking, as well as swordsmanship.
  • Focuses on different grabs, throws, and pins.
  • Both the attacker and receiver study the same basic principles.
  • Partners use pre arranged forms.
  • Strikes, grabs, and throws used, and pushing is more common than pulling.

Judo

Judo is another of the many different forms of self defense and martial arts seen as a more modern. It was developed for combative purposes. A focus of judo is to obtain maximum efficiency while using minimum effort. You are also taught to not resist because if you do so, defeat will occur. It is also seen as an international Olympic sport, so it is used for both combative and competitive purposes. A practitioner of judo is known as a judoka and a large part is based on jujitsu.

  • Focuses on movements such as throwing, grappling, and striking.
  • Falls are also practiced
  • Ten different basic techniques are used.
  • Uses different forms of free practice with a variety of different intensities.
  • Uses Kata which means forms. A variety or pre arranged patterns or techniques are taught through the basic principles.

Ju jit su

This is a form of Japanese martial art which focuses on closed combat. Although it focuses on combative purposes, is practiced on both armed and unarmed opponents. There are also many older and traditional as well as more recent modern forms that are used. Jujitsu has been used on the battlefield mainly to distract ones' opponents through the use of striking techniques. Also, similar to some other arts, it uses your opponents energy against them.

  • A variety of disciplines and techniques used from old style jujitsu.
  • Works on throwing, pinning, and joint locking.
  • Focuses on neutralizing the attack
  • Other forms of martial arts derived from it include: bartitsu, judo, and aikido.

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The previous martial arts mentioned are only a few of many different forms of self defense and martial arts that exist. Some of these previously mentioned are even hard to find a place that focuses specifically on that art. Tae kwan do, as well as karate are probably the two main martial arts forms that you see schools for, while many of the others you have to look much harder to find a place to train. Although this is the case, in many ways, you may be able to learn multiple arts if you train for only one such as jujitsu or kungfu which many different forms of self defense and martial arts come from.

Depending on what your goal is, you have different forms of self defense to choose from. Whether it is combat in which you mean you opponent harm, defense in which you only want to neutralize the attack, or even competition, there are different forms of self defense for each of these. The previous forms described are only some of many that exist, all of which are effective if done correctly. I hope that this has given a basic understanding of the variety of martial arts, and can assist you in deciding which may be best for you.

Are Carbohydrates Good For You ?

You hear a lot about how having eating habits of consuming low carbohydrates is good for you and can help you lose weight. While this may be true, at least to a point, it's not so much the amount of carbohydrates that are consumed as it is the type of carbohydrates. Are carbohydrates good for you ?  Here we cover the basics concerning types of carbohydrates, how the body uses them, which carbohydrates to avoid, as well as ones that are good for you.

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So how are carbohydrates good for you ? There are two types of carbohydrates, simple, and complex. Glucose is the form of sugar the body uses as carbohydrates for fuel. You should try to avoid simple carbohydrates as much as possible. These are made from simple sugars and consist of mainly processed foods such as sweets, sodas, candy bars, ice cream, and all the other delicious sweet and tasty foods. While you don't have to totally avoid these all together, you want to consume them in moderation.

When you consume simple sugars such as these, you get what is called a sugar high. This is where your level of blood glucose rises quickly, and then drops after a short time. This rise in blood glucose levels comes from increased insulin levels which are responsible for transporting glucose to the cells. In comparison to this, when you consume complex carbohydrates, they break down at a slower rate than do simple carbohydrates. This gives you a more stable glucose level. The type of carbohydrates consumed, as well as the timing are both important. This is especially true if you have diabetes which is explained here.

There are two types of diabetes, types one and two. Type one diabetes (1) is where your body is not able to produce enough insulin to transport glucose from the blood to the cells for use. This type of diabetes is usually treated by taking a shot of insulin. Type two diabetes is where your body is not able to accept insulin due to an increased adaptation to sugars that are consumed. This will lead to what is known as insulin resistance where your cells resistance to the use of insulin increases. A decrease in what is known as insulin sensitivity, making your body less sensitive to levels of insulin also occurs. Due to over consumption of simple sugars, the body becomes used to insulin. If you decrease the amount of simple sugars that are consumed the insulin resistance will decrease, while increasing the bodies' sensitivity to insulin. This allows the body to become more efficient at using insulin. It can be done through adjusting your diet to consuming more complex carbohydrate and less simple carbohydrates. This type of diabetes does not require more insulin production, but only for the insulin to be working more efficiently.

Why are carbohydrates good for you ?  Consuming more complex carbohydrates from things such as vegetables, as well as whole wheat grains and breads are the best way to maintain blood sugar levels. Vegetables are also very fibrous as well which assists your digestive system. Complex carbohydrates, unlike simple carbohydrates take much longer to digest into your system. This is why it is good to have a meal that has these carbohydrates a few hours before an active event like a sporting event. If you are consuming a diet that is more than forty percent in carbohydrates, it is near impossible to consume enough without some being simple sugars. This is one reason why a low carbohydrate diet is good. As mentioned before, vegetables, as well as whole grains and pastas are your main sources of complex carbohydrates. All others come in forms of simple sugars such as sodas and candy. There is also the option of using meal replacements in between meals as a snack in order to assist in consuming the total number of calories in a day that you need. You should only make sure that it is low in the total amount of sugar it contains.

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In actuality your body is much more efficient in producing and using energy if smaller meals are consumed throughout the day. The timing of intake of carbohydrates is also important. When are carbohydrates good for you ? If you consume carbohydrates at the right time, mainly prior to and after activity, while consuming less when not active, it will assist you in health and weight loss.  It is when you get up in the morning, and prior to the most active part of the day that the largest amount of carbohydrates should be consumed. Here is a general example of a meal plan that someone may follow and the difference between consuming fewer or more meals during a day.

Sinerio 1: Three meals a day: 3000 calories total

Meal 1: 7:00 AM Meal 2 1:00 PM Meal 3 7:00 PM

1,000 calories 1,000 calories 1,000 calories

Sinerio 2: Six meals a day:

Meal 1: 7:00 AM Meal 2: 10:00 AM Meal 3 1:00 PM Meal 4 4:00 PM Meal 5: 7:00 PM Meal 6: 10:00 PM

400 calories 500 calories 600 calories 600 calories 500 calories 400 calories

In both cases, the same total number of calories consumed in a day are the same. In the first case, the same amount of calories are consumed each meal. Doing this will cause more of a rapid increase in your blood sugar. If you consume smaller meals throughout the day such as in the second case, your blood sugar will remain much more stable. When consuming a larger number of meals, this also allows you to distribute your calories more equally. Also, when consuming smaller meals, three of them should be in the form of a healthy snack, or meal replacement bars or powder.

Concerning the percentage of calories from carbohydrates, proteins, and fats, a good combination is no more than 40% carbohydrates, 30% protein, and 30% fat. Consuming a diet low in carbohydrates may also be good for those with diabetes. (2) You should first speak with a doctor or nutritionist before adjusting your eating habits if you have any medical condition. Consuming the minimum amount of carbs needed, along with an appropriate amount of proteins and fats will assist you in weight loss when combined with physical activity.  When consuming carbohydrates, your body can only use so many of them, and what it doesn't used is stored as fat. This is why eating a smaller number of carbohydrates may be effective at weight loss. When your body has used up the carbohydrates that it has stored, it goes into a state of what is called ketosis. This is where the body uses other sources such as fats and proteins for fuel. This can be, and is effective in the process of losing weight. (3)

So are carbohydrates good for you ? Since carbohydrates are the bodies' main source of fuel, they are good and should not be totally eliminated from your diet. What should be done is to decrease the amount of simple sugars consumed, while focusing more on complex forms of carbohydrates while consuming smaller meals throughout the day. This helps in maintaince of blood sugar throughout the day, and when combined with daily activity can assist in weight loss. I hope that this has given you a good understanding on the different types of carbohydrates there are, as well as the best way to consume them so that you use them more efficiently for fuel.

  1. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6108809/#
  2. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6115411/#
  3. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6038311/#

The Easiest Way to Measure Body Fat

There are numerous ways to lose body fat, but also ways to test your body composition concerning fat and overall body weight. Although you have to account for other factors such as your bones and organs, body composition testing gives a very accurate measure of your body fat.

There are numerous ways to test your level of body fat. Many of these involve another individual having to do the testing. There are other ways as well. Whats the easiest way to measure body fat you may ask.  Here we will discuss using what is called bioelectircal impedance to measure your body composition. Although it is not the most accurate way of testing, it is the easiest way to measure body fat.

What is bio electrical impedance ?

Bioelectrical impedance is a form of body composition testing where a very small electrical current is run through the body in order to measure the conduction of electricity within the body. This allows you to get a general reading of your body composition. In order for the test to be accurate, you must first make sure that you are properly hydrated both with water and electrolytes.

If your body does not have the electrolytes needed, the reading will be very inaccurate. This system of testing works through the fact that lean muscle tissue is a much better conductor of electricity than fat. This is due to the difference in density. With fat being much denser than muscle, the electricity is not able to pass through the tissue as easily.

This is where hydration comes in as being important since your muscle is made of 85% water. This is probably the easiest way to measure body fat. In order to get an accurate reading, you must first put in general information such as your height and weight.

Devices used

There are two different devices that are used to conduct a bio electrical impedance test. This includes either a scale which you stand on, or a hand held device. Obviously the hand held device is much more convenient since it can be carried with you, while a scale can be used only at home.

If you only want to test yourself periodically, a scale may be your best choice, but if you want to do this on more of a set schedule, I would advise to use the handheld device. Bioelectrical impedance machines are made in many brands and models. It just depends on whether you want only general information, or more specifics. Depending on your needs, you may have to pay more. Here are just some bio electrical body composition machines that are produced.

Tanita

Tanita is the first company that came out with the original body fat analyzer scale in 1994. The technology that is used is bar none when compared to other manufactures. Tanita devices measure both intracellular, extra cellular, and total body water. They also do this with using up to six different frequencies which makes the measurement more accurate.

Ironman

The Tanita ironman body composition scale is great for anyone that is into fitness and wants to keep track of their fitness goals. This would be best suited for anyone that has a lifestyle of working out and staying in shape. It measures weight, body fat, muscle mass, body mass index, bone mass, and even basel metabolic rate. It can also track up to four people.

Omron

These body composition monitors will allow you to keep track of your overall level of fitness and help you in reaching your fitness goals.

HBF-306-c

This body fat monitor is hand held which makes it very portable. It uses metal strips on the sides of the handles similar to those that measure your heart rate on a cardio machine. This is great for anyone that normally goes to the gym for a workout, or out for a run. It even comes with a thirty-day money back guarantee.

HBF-514-c

This body fat monitor is unique in the sense that it uses sensors for both arms and legs, while most scale based monitors only send signals through the legs, this monitor has a hand held device built in, increasing the accuracy. Its very simple to use, and can store data for up to four people. It measures body weight, age, resting metabolism, body fat, as well as lean mass.

Weight guru digital

If you want to go high tech, this may be the product for you. The weight guru digital scale is compatible with blue tooth, WiFi, apple health, fit bit, as well as other applications. You're able to send information straight to your phone. It allows you to track your weight, body mass index, body fat, muscle mass, and even water weight. It even comes with a 5 year warranty. The weight guru digital is challenging to set up, but when it is functioning properly, its easy to use.

Fit bit aria Wi-Fi smart scale

This is another WiFi scale that will work with your fit bit device. It accurately measures your weight, body composition, as well as body mass index. Your able to upload the information to your fit bit each time you step on the scale. It has enough memory for up to eight people. It has been reported though for there to be an inaccurate measurement of body fat percentage, so I may question this.

Eat Smart Precision

This scale has all the basic functions that you need in order to measure your level of health. It measures your body fat %, muscle mass, bone mass, weight, and percentage of water. It does have a weight limit of 400 lbs, and it measures in either pounds or kilograms. There is also enough memory to store information for up to eight people.

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This scale gives very accurate weight and body mass index measurements. It also allows you to track your progression on your smart phone. To use this scale, you must have an android or an apple device in order to set it up. It is even able to detect the specific person on the scale, and uses multiple web services as well. I would only error on caution because it has been said to be somewhat inaccurate when it comes to body composition.

There are so many digital body composition scales that it is difficult to choose the correct one for you. If I was looking for a basic scale to measure body fat, the omron HBF 514-c is a great choice since it measures using both arms and legs. Depending on how much you want to spend, the simplest scale that connects to your computer is probably the Guru digital. The hand held device is also convenient if you want to take it with you for a workout.

Overall, each of these scales are good, it just depends on your goals and how often you want to keep track of them that may determine which is best for you. 

Effects of Exercise on Dimentia

Exercise and physical activity have many positive effects on your health. Being physically active may also have an effect on your mental, emotional, and cognitive health. Many cognitive conditions concern one's age and its neurological effects.

These include conditions such as alzheimers, dementia, and other conditions. Can physical activity assist in decreasing the occurrence of these conditions ? Many mental or cognitive conditions are thought to be associated with nutrition or activity level. Here we go over the effects of exercise on dementia as well as mental and psychological factors.

Aerobic training assist in strength and the efficiency of the use of oxygen. Since this occurs in the brain as well, it makes sense for it to assist in cognitive functioning. The aspects are not only physical, but there are also psychological factors involved. The bodies releases endorphins when you exercise, gives you a sense of well-being. Activity and nutrition when put with current treatment may decrease the progression of these conditions.

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Some studies or reviews point to this therapy as having a positive effect on cognition and memory (4), while others show no cognitive effect (3,5). Using exercise as a therapy not only effects the individual, but it could also help decrease the costs of health care in the older population (1). Level of activity may not only help to treat dementia, but other conditions such as stroke patients. There are different effects that a stroke can have on people, these include both psychological and social factors such as social support, belief in one's' self-worth being used as ways to evaluate the health of the subject (2). Exercise could assist in all of these factors.

Many tests have been done on dementia. There are numerous factors that can play a role in results that are seen in testing. This includes the population tested, gender, previous activity level, current medical conditions, tests used, intensity of the tests (7), or the time frame. In one study, the Chinese population were looked at over nine years. Seventy five hundred subjects that were dementia free at the beginning of the study were used. From these, three hundred and thirty-eight developed dementia during the nine years. The results showed the positive effects of exercise on dementia since those physically active had a lower risk of developing the condition (13).

Overall quality of life and activities of daily living are both important when looking at in maintaining one's independence. This includes the psychological, spiritual, and physical aspects of life. Being able to perform activities of daily living increases one's independence and quality of life.

In one study, the effects of physical activity on cognitive function and activities of daily living for dementia patients were examined. Two groups of thirty people used a cognition program three times a week for thirty minutes each session. This lasted eight weeks. One group included physical activity for thirty minutes three times a week. Results showed the group including physical activity increased their abilities more in activities of daily living. This suggests combining both cognitive testing along with physical activity to increase cognition and activities of daily living (11).

Living in a community where you have similar interest to others is also a positive asset to have. Relationships and activities will bring encouragement and increase your sense of self-worth. Even for those living in nursing homes exercise can be effective in increasing one's sense of self-worth and understanding the importance of exercise. In one study, residence were used to find out the effectiveness of exercise on one's' quality of life. Twenty one people age seventy-four to ninety-six used every day task movements for exercises. Exercises were also individualized based on the persons' needs. Questioners used assisted in knowing the persons' opinion on exercise. This included the exercises being challenging but achievable, pleasurable due to strength increase, invoking previous memories of health, as well as providing comfort, encouragement, and joy. Results showed that each of these four aspects improved (14).  The effects of exercise on dementia not only increases quality of life, but even decrease or reverse its effects during the early onset stages of alzheimers (8,10).

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Variables such as verbal memory, naming, wording memory, and other specific aspects of memory are also used for cognition testing. Each of these methods concerning questionnaires on memory factors are very effective (12). Although not practical for most cases, medical equipment can also be used to get actual neurological results on variables tested (9). Ones' level of current health and other medical conditions could also play a factor in the physical aspect of brain activity concerning cognition, processing speed, and level or duration of attention. When treated with physical activity and exercise, a positive effect on these variables is possible (6).

Any type of cognitive condition has a negative effect whether it is physical, mental, or emotional. This can be seen through one's ability to do daily tasks and overall quality of life. There are different treatments used for cognitive disorders such as dementia. These include drugs, psychological therapy, as well as physical activity. All of these treatments are effective. Using a cognitive therapy along with physical activity may be comparable to being treated using drugs alone. Overall, putting cognitive tests together with physical activity should be a part of any treatment for dementia to assist with current therapies being used.

References

1.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2830197/#

2.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3170904/#

3.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21704783#

  1. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15468033#
  2. https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.k1675
  3. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2017.00107
  4. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5945889/#
  5. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5934999/#
  6. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5931155/#
  7. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5866875/#

11.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5857452/#

12https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5851377/#

13https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5719269/#

14.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5693409/

Functional and Strongman Exercises

There are many exercises to do in the gym for all parts of your body. Functional and strongman exercises are some. Here we go over different reasons these exercises are good for increasing strength. 

Because you are normally having to keep your balance, lifting odd shaped objects, bending over, or carrying things in front of you, most exercise is the gym do not assist in these movements.

 

Functional and strongman exercises may be similar to some everyday movements and assist you with functional strength. You do get stronger in a gym doing barbell and dumbbell exercises, but due to the center of gravity being equal, balance is not an issue. Here we go over some different functional and strongman exercises you can do from home.

You should have someone instruct you on the proper way to do these lifts when starting out. This will decrease your chance of injury. These exercises will help you increase your strength and transfer over into every day movements you do. A lot of the equipment you may be able to make at home, or you may have to buy some equipment. This comes at a reasonable price.

Functional/Strength Exercises

Sled : A sled is a simple thing to use for exercises. Unlike you may think, you don't have to use iron or metal to make a sled. Other things can be used as well: Here is a short video giving different sled exercises that can be performed.

Seated Pull: For this exercise, it is exactly like a row you would do on a machine at a gym. You are only using a regular rope with weights on a sled or other object for resistance.

Harness Pull : Here you will need a harness to put around your torso. A rope will be attached to the harness and then tied to the sled or other object you are using for resistance. You then get as low and as horizontal to the ground as possible, driving your legs to get the object moving.

Here are other sled exercises you can do as well to strengthen the legs.

Stone

For any stone exercises, you first need a stone. You can make your own stone, but it is much easier to use equipment provided which comes at a very affordable price. Here are some functional and strongman exercises using stones. 

Lift & Carry: This exercise is as simple as lifting either one or two objects and carrying them a specific distance. This can be done lifting the object and having it in front of you such as carrying a stone, or having objects in each hand. Either of these exercises will help with strength, endurance, and balance. Here is a video of different exercises and how to make any equipment you may need. You can also purchase many items for a reasonable price.

Atlas Stone Lift: For this exercise you need a stone. You can either purchase a mold to make your own stone out of concrete, or you can use any regular stone if they are available to you. You can either use something to put the stone on when you lift it, or you could use something like a bar in front of you to lift the stone over and drop on the other side.

Atlas Stone Clean: For this exercise, it is similar to a clean lift in the gym, only performed with a stone.

 Shoulder press: The exercise is like a shoulder press in the gym, just have the stone with both hands, pressing it overhead.

 Stone press out: For this exercise it is similar to using the seated chest press machine at the gym.

Stone Lunge: For this exercise, carry the stone in front of you, doing a basic lunge like with a dumbbell. You can do this standing in one place, or walking. You can also add a twisting motion to the exercise when you are lunged forward. This will work your core.

Press up: This exercise is similar to the basic shoulder press, but you use the legs to drive your body up, releasing the stone as high as you can get it. You should be very cautious when doing this exercise and make sure you move back away from the stone since you are not in control.

Properly lifting a atlas stone:

Keg

For any keg exercises, you can simply use water as resistance. Using water not only gives resistance, but it helps with balance as well. Other things such as rocks or sand can be used as well. Here is a good site to purchase a used keg. 

1. Keg Carry: For this exercise you need an old used beer keg. These are hard to find at first, but you can purchase one for a reasonable price. For the carry, you lift it in front of you, and carry it a set distance. Here is a video of different techniques you can use.

2. Keg Clean and Press: This exercise is similar to a clean that you would do in the gym with a barbell, you only have an awkward shaped object in front of you which makes it much more challenging. You can also do a simple shoulder press, starting with the keg at your shoulders, pressing up and out above the head.

3. Keg Snatch: For this exercise, you would lift the keg off of the ground to above your head in a single motion, similar to a snatch you would do with a barbell at the gym.

4. Keg Shouldering: For this exercise, you lift the keg, placing it on your shoulder.

5. Keg Row: This exercise is exactly like your basic barbell row, only using a keg.

Examples of Keg Exercises

As mentioned before, you may have to purchase some equipment, but you may either be able to make some equipment or already have it around your home. Here is a video of how you can make some equipment needed.

Sled

Atlas Stones

These are only a few of many exercises you can do that are functional and will carry over into your everyday life. As stated before, a lot of this equipment you may be able to find around your home, but you can also buy them at a reasonable price. Overall, these functional and strongman exercises make a great home workout and should help you become stronger and transfer to everyday movements.

Preventing and Treating ACL Injuries

There are many different injuries that happen to the muscles, ligaments and tendons in the body. Some are treatable and require surgery, while others may just be injuries from overuse.

The ligaments of the knee which connect the bones to each other are the most common part of the knee injured. The main ligament that is injured is the anterior cruciate ligament. The main purpose of this ligament is to resist anterior movement of the tibia or shin bone in relation to the femur when stress is applied. Here we cover different types of exercises for both preventing and treating ACL injuries.

How do knee injuries occur

A injury to a tendon, ligament, or joint could be due to participating in a stressful activity such as a contact sport like football, extreme sports, tennis, or skiing. It could also be or just from over use and it finally giving out due to a decrease in strength. 

In skiing the injury may come from the quick movements of the hips  as well as the downward force that is put on the femur when leaning forward. The side to side motion puts strain on the  ligaments located on the left and right side, while the other forces put strain on the front and back ligaments.  The knee has four main ligiments. These include the anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments, as well as the lateral and medial collateral ligaments.  These four ligaments work together to stabalize the knee joint in place. When the joint takes a direct blow with intense force, breakage can occur. The main ligament that is often injured is the anterior ligament, but any of them are suseptable to being injured. Here is a brief discription of the four ligaments and how they work.

Cruciate ligaments:

These ligaments attach to the femur and tibia. They are named from their relation to the tibia since the anterior ligament attaches to the anterior portion of the tibia, and the posterior ligament attaches to the posterior of the tibia. They lie deep within the knee joint and cross over in the middle.

The anterior cruciate ligament  connects to the anterior of the tibia and posterior of the femur. It's purpose is to keep the tibia from sliding too far forward in relation to the femur.The poster cruciate ligament attaches to the posterior of the tibia and anterior of the femur. Its purpose is to keep the tibia from sliding too far backwards in relation to the femur. These ligaments balance forces placed on them. It is much more common to see an injury to the ACL since the PCL is much stronger. They also assist in helping you keep your balance.

Collateral ligaments

These ligaments absorb any force that comes from the inner or outer thigh latterly or medially. The more common injury to these ligaments is the medial ligament which deals with stress coming from the outer thigh.

The medial collateral ligament connects the thigh bone to the shin on the inside of the knee. It absorbs any shock or stress which comes from the outside of the knee. This is known as valgus stress.

The lateral collateral ligament connects the thigh bone to the shin on the outside of the knee. It absorbs any shock or force which comes from the inner knee. This is known as varus stress.

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Factors concerning treatment

The best way to deal with injuries is to prevent them from happening. Different exercises can strengthen these ligaments. A number of studies have been done on preventive measures for knee ligament injuries. Some were on general population, but most looked at the athletic population.

One main type of training given to decrease the chances of an injury occurring is neuromuscular training (2,3). Exercises involving balance and static stretching are important to decrease the chances of injury happening again(1). Differences in gender and prevention of acl injuries concerning non contact activities have also been looked at. Focusing on training, proprioception, strength, and agility drills as well as verbal feedback come into play when training to prevent an acl injury from occurring. (4,5).

Exercises used

The types of exercises used have a impact on preventing a second injury. In one study, young rugby players were looked at concerning movement capacity treatment options to assist in preventing a knee injury. A Functional movement screen was used. Exercises like the squat, leg raises, push ups, as well as shoulder mobility exercises were used.

Groups were separated into a contact group and a non contact group. Contact and non contact injuries were reported for one season. The test lasted a total of twelve weeks. Four weeks focused on mobility, four on stability, and the other four focused on integration. Results showed the intervention group increasing their scores on the screen tests given. Their injury rate was also lower. The improvement in movement capacity indicated these exercises as effective at decreasing the chances of another injury. (10)

Training and instruction

The types of exercises performed are not the only important factors involved in training to prevent an injury. Verbal feedback and psychological factors are also important. (11)  In one study three types of feedback were used to determine which showed the greatest improvement in retention of information and performance.  This included verbal external focus, verbal internal focus, video instructions, and a control group.

This study focused on landing technique. During the first week, instructions and feedback was given.  The participants were allowed to get as much feedback as needed. One week later, the same drills were performed with no instructions or feedback. From the four groups, the external focus group and the video instruction group showed the greatest improvement in landing technique. This suggest external focus as well as video instructions as being an important part of the rehabilitation and training process (9).

Level of experience

When you have an injury like an acl injury, the time it takes to return to play is also a factor.  This involves not only returning to play,  but possibly even the length of your career. For one study, a group of soccer players that had acl surgery were looked at. Upon being cleared to return to play, the majority of players were used as backups. These players also played in a less games as well. (7) This could be due to the coaches concern of a injury happening again.

The severity of the injury  is only one factor in the rehabilitation process. Age also plays a role as well. For example, there are many other variables involved in deciding if a younger athlete should have surgery or not. Even if surgery is un avoidable other factors should be considered as well. This includes things such as skeletal age, risks of growth disturbance, another rupture occurring, stiffness, infection, and even differences in individual responses to surgery (6). These are all major factors to be consider when you are having to treat a child for any severe physical injury.

Level of treatment

Different factors are looked at concerning ones progress in rehabilitation and their ability to return to normal activities. Shock absorbtion the knee is able to take is a variable that is looked at. This concerns the area that absorbs the majority of shock and its distribution from landing. This can be assessed doing a hop test, with coorelations between the hop test and isokinetic strength. (8) The main thing that you want to see as a result of this test is a decrease in the force put on the knee, with the hip absorbing more of the force upon landing (12). Other factors needed to be considered when rehabbing from an acl injury include things such as changeable movement patterns, neuromuscular training, and plyometrics. Personal changes should also be made concerning strengths or weaknesses of the individual being treated. (13)

When looking at preventing and treating acl injuries, many variables should be considered. This includes the types of exercises performed,  the persons age, as well as level of experience. The way in which instructions are given is even a important factor in seeing a increase in performance. Each of these are important in the prevention and treatment of a injury. In order to achieve optimal performance, each should be looked at. The focus may be different depending on the needs of the individual being treated. These measures for training can be used for preventing and treating acl injuries.

References

1. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23922282#

2. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22745221#

3. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25452612#

4. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22742077#

5. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1748422/#

6. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5865521/#

7. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5788107/#

8. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5692146/#

9. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5675367/#

10. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5667599/#

11. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5780279/#

12. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5593213/#

13. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5577417/#